Solar Powered Housing Essays -- Energy Pollution Essays

Sunlight based Powered Housing With the expanding vitality utilization rates and expanding contamination rates thus, it is significant for our general public to concentrate on cleaner, increasingly sustainable power sources. Since family units are a significant purchaser of vitality all through the world, families could contribute incredibly to the utilization of sustainable power sources using sunlight based home frameworks. Assuming an ever increasing number of individuals consent to the utilization of sunlight based home frameworks, our non-renewable energy source utilization rates will drop and we will see significant enhancements all through our condition. This paper will examine different themes that are fundamental so as to comprehend the capacity of a sunlight based home framework. In the first place, for a sun based home framework to work adequately, one should initially decrease the measure of vitality devoured inside the house. This can either be accomplished through productive house structure or through proficient vitality utilization. Productive structure highlights incorporate legitimate fixing of windows, entryways, and breaks, appropriate protection, appropriate window plan for uninvolved warming, appropriate air invasion, and the utilization of legitimate materials for heat assimilation. By structuring your home productively, you significantly diminish the measure of vitality devoured and along these lines lessen the expense and size of your sun oriented home framework. Productive vitality utilization is additionally critical when utilizing a sunlight based home framework. Vitality utilization can be enormously diminished by such goes about as purchasing effective apparatuses, keeping entryways and windows shut to decrease heat misfortune, killing lights and machines when they are not required, and turning down A/C levels. These demonstrations likewise contribute incredibly to a decrease in the size and cost of your sun based home framework. The essential thought behind sun based home frameworks is th... ...decreasing the utilization of non-renewable energy sources while as yet meeting their vitality needs, should think about the utilization of a SHS in their home. Works Cited About Photovoltaics. 25 October 2002. U.S. Division of Energy. <http://www.eren.doe.gov/pv/>. Propelled Energy Group. 1999-2002. <http://www.solar4power.com/sun oriented force site- links.html. Nancy B. Solomon. Photovoltaic Technology Comes of Age. Engineering Record. <http://www.archrecord.com/CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/01_01_1.asp>. News †U.S. Branch of Energy Awards $1.5 Million for Solar Roof Grants. 2 October 2002. SolarBuzz. <http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsNAGO 61.htm>. PV System Calculator. 2 November 2002. Kyocera Solar, Inc. <http://www.kyocera solar.com/index.html>. Sunlight based House. The North Carolina Solar Center. <http://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/docs/sunlight based house.pdf>.

Jackie Robinson Analysis Essay Example For Students

Jackie Robinson Analysis Essay Jackie Robinson, Baseball, and the Struggle for EqualityBaseball has consistently been known as America’s interest. Be that as it may, America‘s side interest, alongside America’s past, have both been soaked with the severe power of prejudice. For many years, from the hour of subjugation until the center of the twentieth century, African-American kids gathered together their companions and made a beeline for the baseball field. There, for a huge number of youthful dark players, the smell of the grass, the dust storm that framed when running the ninety feet among bases, and the sentiment of securely sliding into homeplate for a run denoted the flash of fun and fervor in an in any case grim day. In any case, because of the shade of their skin, dark kids were not granted these extravagances. For hopeful dark ballplayers, a baseball field with bats and genuine balls would be a fantasy worked out. Rather they had to play with rocks and sticks in a rear entryway or run- down sandlot. Be that as it may, this could never stop them, the rush and delight of baseball was excessively incredible. When playing, it appeared as though the entirety of their concerns and fears skimmed away and just a single thing matteredbaseball. Baseball was their departure, their occupation, and the subject of every one of their deepest desires. For youthful dark ballplayers, baseball was substantially more than a game. The word trying must likewise be explained. It's just plain obvious, for dark players, one certain reality was consistently present. Regardless of how great you were, regardless of what number of homers or taken bases you had, how hard you hit the ball or how quick you tossed the ball, regardless of in the event that you had the capacity to play with the most elite, Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, and Mickey Mantle, there was one thing you never hadthe right skin shading. The word yearning didn't exist operating at a profit language. For more than 200 years dark individ uals had to manage this reality, reality that crushed the fantasies of countless hopeful dark ballplayers, reality that left them with the unpleasant sentiment of mediocrity. This inclination was felt until April 15, 1947, until the man who might switch this ventured at the plate, denoting the first run through an African-American played in the major leagues.# Jackie Robinson was the man, and undoubtedly, Jackie Robinson is the man. The day has lived in history as the primary day of the start of another fact. That, with difficult work and a heart the size of a watermelon, dark individuals could try to be more. Jackie Robinson is answerable for reality of expectation, a fact more impressive than some other. With this new expectation, Jackie Robinson and the African-American race denoted the start of the battle for a definitive heavenly grailequality. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was conceived on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. The grandson of a slave and child of a tenant farmer, â₠¬Å"Jackie,† as he become known, battled from the earliest starting point. He was the most youthful of five youngsters in a poor family. After his dad relinquished him at one years old, his mom had to maintain numerous sources of income just to help the family.# Jackie was exceptionally frank from the earliest starting point. As a little youngster faced with the ordinary bigot insults from close by white kids, Jackie lashed back and consistently supported himself, once in a while to the tune of beatings from the kids. Yet, Jackie didn’t care. Indeed, even in spite of guidance from his basic educator, who said he was â€Å"destined to be a gardener,†# Jackie consistently battled the endless number of strategies to keep him and his race mediocre. Jackie accepted that God had plans for him, designs past the extent of the ordinary Negro of the occasions. As he developed more seasoned, his battling soul kept on tailing him along. In 1942, over 10 years before the accla imed Rosa Parks battle, Jackie was stood up to with a comparative circumstance. Advised by an official to leave his seat on the white segment of the transport and move to the back, the dark area of the transport, Jackie can't. The scene before long heightened, however Jackie stood firm and wouldn't move. The demonstration of disobedience brought about a court military for Robinson, who was confronting the conceivable result of â€Å"dishonorable discharge.† He battled in court and demonstrated the demonstration was an infringement against the segregation code of the military, and won his entitlement to a â€Å"honorable discharge.â€Å"# This mentality of insubordination was a solid piece of Jackie Robinson’s character, a section that one will see, never kicked the bucket. To substantiate himself to society and be the individual he generally needed to be, Jackie utilized his inherent ability, his astonishing athletic capacity. At the point when it came to sports it d idn't take long to understand that Jackie was very talented . In High School and in College, at the University of California-Los Angeles, Jackie exceeded expectations like no other, actually. He played baseball, b-ball, football, and track, and was the main player in UCLA history to letter in every one of the four sports.# actually, it was said his best game was not even baseball, that he was a characteristic at b-ball and had â€Å"football shoulders.† It just so happened that the NFL and NBA were not as tolerating as baseball was in the mid-Twentieth Century. However, it was not generally like that. Because of isolation and the basic nearness of bigotry in the public arena, dark ballplayers had to make their own associations. As right on time as 1920, Negro Baseball Leagues exhibited ability to any semblance of Satchel Paige, Roy Campanella, Josh Gibson, Marvin Williams, and Sam Jethroe.# Names unrecognizable to the normal baseball fan, anyway it has been said that dark pla yers like the ones referenced and a lot more were as acceptable, better, or even obviously superior to the white players in the Major Leagues. Tragically, because of the shade of their skin, the Negro classes were given for all intents and purposes zero introduction and a similar measure of regard. Negro Leagues were found along these lines as the Negro themselvesinferior. Despite the fact that the ability and nature of baseball in the Negro associations was incredibly high, the conditions played in were actually the inverse. Long rides in excessively mishandled transports with no warming or cooling, storage spaces were worn-out or nonexistent, and money related troubles emerged every now and again because of such factors as leasing the arenas from white proprietors who charged over the top prices.# Baseball in the Negro alliances was no lap of extravagance. However a huge number of players persevered through the maltreatment to keep on playing the game they cherished. They played d espite the fact that they didn't get one ounce of regard from the American open. It was not till Jackie Robinson incorporated baseball in 1947 that dark players started to get the regard they merited. Jackie Robinson was not the only one in changing the lives of each African-American in the United States of America. In 1942, a man named Branch Rickey ventured into the Dodgers head office with an arrangement for baseball and an arrangement for America. He had explored many dark players and chosen everything looked good for the â€Å"Great Experiment,† as it become known.# The main inquiry was who might it be? Who might be the one that would change the manner in which our general public worked at that point and now? The player must be substantially more than an astonishing competitor, fit for numerous accomplishments on the baseball field. The player must be one who had the quality and self control to withstand the steady brutality that made certain to happen. In 1945, Branch and Jackie plunked down to examine the marvelous accomplishment. To change history, Branch stated, â€Å"I’m searching for a ballplayer with guts enough not to battle back.† This man was to be Jackie Robinson. In spite of the fact that Jackie had consistently had a battling soul and was not one to hush up about feelings, Jackie was the man who had the fortitude and quality not to. Im not worried about your loving or detesting me,† Jackie stated, â€Å"All I ask is that you regard me as a human being.†# Jackie realized it would require some investment, yet be well justified, despite all the trouble at long last. In the event that baseball’s â€Å"Great Experiment† were to be a triumph, it would be the primary part of American culture to coordinate. After one year the second part of American culture coordinated, the United States government integrated the army.# Jackie Robinson knew the ramifications of what he was getting himself into, he realized he would be pestered, loudly and truly manhandled, and much more terrible. However, he additionally knew the impacts he would have on the enhancements of African-American fairness in the public eye. Jackie was prepared and sitting tight for this extreme test. On October 30, 1945, Jackie was pulled up from the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro associations and formally turned into the main dark individual to sign a Major League contract.# However, in the first place, baseball’s â€Å"Great Experiment† was baseball’s â€Å"great secret.† A year prior to this a mystery survey was led of Major alliance directors and proprietors on the subject of blacks in baseball, the outcomes were not positive. Fifteen of the sixteen surveyed reacted â€Å"No,† with the main â€Å"Yes† vote originating from Branch Rickey.# Branch felt the transition to incorporate baseball must be moderate and fastidious. In this way, on April 18, 1946, Jackie Robinson made his small time debut for the Montreal Royals, the International League subsidiary of the Brooklyn Dodgers. With a noteworthy hitting show: a three run grand slam, a strong single, two hit singles, and speed that prompted 2 taken bases and two shies away home, the new kid on the block second baseman and the Montreal Royals beat the old neighborhood Giants 14 - 1.# The public’s shock of a Negro playing with white individuals were hushed by the remarkable ability of Jackie Robinson. This is the main explanation joining in sports was conceivable in any case. Game is not the same as numerous different parts of society since it is on a generally reasonable playing field. Whoever crosses the end goal first successes the race, this can not be questioned. For Jackie, this was his lone getaway. It

Choose a city or neighborhood and research the effects of race and Essay

Pick a city or neighborhood and research the impacts of race and class on the spot - Essay Example r explanation, the topic focuses on late circumstances experienced in Brooklyn’s neighborhoods, where racial assorted varieties may clarify how the standpoint and development in by and large monetary and social developments in the region. Brooklyn people group in New York City are, as it were, a blend of various ethnic gatherings. In spite of what most ordinarily see, the area in Brooklyn isn't fundamentally made out of â€Å"white† residents. Among the general populace of 85, 343 out of 2000, white non-hispanic produced just a little segment of 0.7 %, while lion's share are African-Americans with 78.2%; trailed by Hispanic gatherings with 18% (â€Å"Brooklyn Community District† 5). This shows movement designs in Brooklyn, where minority gatherings, especially the African and Hispanic plunge, gain the high ground, with their workforce drive expanding financial chances. The centrality lies on their connection in the networks, particularly in the early pieces of the nineteenth century, where the inundation of moving races is at its pinnacle. Regardless of the abundance insights of minority bunches attacking the Western region of Brooklyn, the dislodging of the first white occupants isn't as significant as previously accepted. Class qualifications may have been an essential occurrence in eighteenth hundreds of years, where the rich and the poor are obviously partitioned; in any case, it appears that the later century despite everything moves such standpoint (Scherzer 6). There is as yet a high level of probability that low financial conditions and consolidated degrees of minority bunches are of comparable apparitions, clearing route for poor neighborhood conditions (Weintraub 3). Probably, despite the fact that the urban conditions in Brooklyn isn't broadly devastated, its dependability is esteemed unbound for family units to live in fulfillment. The accessibility of a few instructive focuses in Brooklyn, New York, from preschool to college foundations, is very liberal in number- - seeing the significance of training later on for Brooklyn

Leonardo Da Vinci Research Paper

Once there carried on a man who was skilled with the intensity of taking a gander at a similar item in a wide range of designs now and then as a painter would take a gander at it, here and there as a naturalist, here and there as a physicist, at different occasions as a writer and not one of those styles was shallow (Valley. 1958). With all the specialized advances from today, most craftsman and innovators are roused by this man. Leonardo exemplified the resurgence, living, see, and creating workmanship and innovation that despite everything describes that time of discovery.When individuals consider Leonardo father Vinci, as a rule the principal thing that rings a bell is The Dad Vinci Code with Tom Hanks. In any case, in actuality individuals would state he was one of the best aesthetic and logical men of the Italian Renaissance Age. â€Å"The Last Supper† and the â€Å"Mona Lisa† are among perhaps the best show-stopper. These workmanship pieces were route in front of Dad Vine's time. Leonardo was a painter or craftsman as well as he was a designer liable for creating plans running from early tanks and submarines to the progressive â€Å"flying machine. His investigation and authority of a wide scope of controls, including model, reasoning, and building, made Leonardo a submissively of the soul of his age, and the embodiment of the term â€Å"Renaissance man. â€Å"(Ryan and Adagio, 2005) We could begin back when Dad Vinci first was destined to see the insight of a splendid psyche. April fifteenth, 1452 Leonardo was conceived in Vinci, Italy. Who knew on that day a newborn child would grow up to be known as the all inclusive virtuoso. He was raised by his dad Piper father Vinci, a legal official in Florence.At an early age Leonardo displayed an impressive masterful ability so when he was fifteen Leonardo moved to Florence, Italy, this is when is life begun to bloom, he was Andrea del Veronica's student. All-encompassing was a notable craftsman for his time and started to appear and create Leonardo in painting and finishing figures (Goldman. 1997). Leonardo remained working with Veronica's until he turned 25. He at that point proceeded onward and went through the following five years painting a wide range of compositions with various craftsmen. At the point when he arrived at the age of 30, he moved to Milan, Italy and turned into a court craftsman for Duke Alluding Oxfords.Becoming a court craftsman made Leonardo a Jack-of-all-exchanges. Not Just known or a craftsman, Leonardo additionally was a designer; there are three minor little journals that house an assortment of his works likewise called the Codex Forester, which are currently kept in the Victoria and Alberta Museum in London, England. They are accepted to have been composed somewhere in the range of 1495 and 1497 (Mills, 2008). First let me talk around one of his most renowned works of art, â€Å"Last Supper† he started to paint this piece in 1495 and thi s piece was appointed by the Duke for the religious circle of Santa Maria dell Gracie.He attempted to finish this artistic creation as a wall painting on the divider utilizing oil-based paint, yet tragically the paint didn't stick to the divider and was a finished disappointment. Anyway this carries me to the astounding work of art â€Å"The Mona Lisa†, this composition speaks to style and unadulterated excellence. Leonardo took a shot at this artistic creation for a long time until 1506. In 1506 Dad Vinci relinquished work on the â€Å"Mona Lisa† to be the aesthetic counselor to the city's French senator â€Å"Charles demise's† in line with King Louis XII of France . (Ryan and Adagio, 2005) In 1513 Leonardo left Milan and ventured out to Rome, Italy in line with Pope Leo X.Once he showed up he was given an extensive craftsmanship studio to finish a greater amount of his work. Father Vinci stayed in Rome for a long time, while there he finished just one signific ant piece and that was a progression of drawings which were titled â€Å"The Deluge†. Later on in 1517, King Francis I asked Leonardo to France and was going to make him the illustrious painter, modeler, and technician to the ruler. He acknowledged and was given a compensation and a spot to live in the castle at Cloud. While he was there he turned into an instructor to various youthful moving specialists to assist them with proceeding onward into their career.It was a tragic day on the second of May 1 519, this is the day that Leonardo Dad Vinci left this world to come back to our radiant dad in the sky. He was encircled by the lords court in Cloud when he died. Leonardo will consistently be known for the extraordinary craftsman he was and instructor he has ingrained on a large number of us. I think everybody has a tad bit of Leonardo in them whether it be painting or from concocting to carpentry. At the point when individuals compose they compose with their souls, I know whe n Leonardo painted it was from his heart.People knew Leonardo father Vinci as an extraordinary painter, yet my exploration additionally found the a wide range of abilities this incredible man had. Being one of the top creators on the planet he was answerable for huge numbers of the advancements that had happened during the renaissance time frame. He was as much a designer as a craftsman. Despite the fact that he never fabricated a significant number of the creations he planned, a portion of the things he imagined in the late backtalk are being used today, including helicopters and parachutes. Father Vinci was fixated on war, and he portrayed a protected vehicle that could convey eight men inside and permit them to discharge weapons through openings in its walls.He drew ND expounded on what we today call tanks over 400 years before they were first utilized in battle during World War l. (Award, 2010) Leonardo Dad Vinci is the key character that illuminated the Renaissance with its ext raordinary ability. Other significant figures, for example, Francesco Did Giorgio, have left a rich inheritance, particularly in engineering and hardware plan. Presently when you close your eyes and picture a plane or even a winged creature you could imagine yourself such that Leonardo Dad Vinci did when he thoroughly considered his developments.

Dehumanisation, Death, Destruction - Literature Essay Samples

Remarque’s account of the horrors of the Western Front in World War I, from the common German soldier’s perspective, is a poignant reminder of the horrors of war. Dehumanisation, death and destruction are the key themes are relayed through the eyes of Paul Baumer, a soldier in the Great War of 1914-1918 and the narrator of All Quiet on the Western Front.Dehumanisation is a key central theme in the novel, as the characters are transformed from young men into old men, from idealistic, patriotic youth into a coarse, violent group of state murderers who kill others mercilessly for their own survival, and, ultimately, from men with hopes and dreams to men with nothing to look forward to. Indeed, the balmy and gentle influences from parents, teachers and â€Å"the whole course of civilisation from Plato to Goethe† (16) are brushed away and hardcore, militaristic values of â€Å"saluting, eyes front†¦ bloody-mindedness† (16) are instilled into the young men, who are sent off to confront the stark realities of war after their short training. There is therefore a disjuncture between how the soldiers view the war and how those who do not participate in it view it. Kantorek, the schoolteacher, loudly extols the virtue of patriotism but does not see firsthand – as his students do – the consequences of that patriotism in war. The teacher is craven in blithely sending the students to their deaths while extolling empty virtues that are not reflected in the frontlines. The civilians at the home front are also unaware of what the front is like, yet call for the brave lads to win the war and bring back good news from Paris. They have absolutely no idea of what war is. Baumer’s response to civilian ignorance is to realize that the civilians and soldiers actually live in two separate worlds. â€Å"We have turned into human animals,† (40) he states, suggesting not only that he and his fellow soldiers are no longer fully h uman but also that war turns all its participants into beasts. Later, Baumer and his comrade Detering witness horses become severely wounded during an attack. Detering, who deeply values horses, comments that â€Å"It is the most despicable thing of all to drag animals into a war† (45) because they are innocent of crimes and must suffer for human causes. If soldiers become like animals, as Baumer had stated, it is just as wrong to drag them into war as to bring horses into it.Death is ever present in the novel, and there is massive physical and psychological destruction throughout the trenches. Soldiers die every day during prolonged shelling made especially lethal by poisonous gases. Death permeates all the novel’s scenes, including that in the hospital, whose occupants will not leave alive. The artillery attack on a graveyard, where the lives of the soldiers depend upon the coffins holding dead people, represents total destruction of respect and normalcy. Corpses the re figuratively died more than once.Destruction extends to the characters’ individual lives. The older men had jobs and occupations before the war, but the younger soldiers did not have anything to attach themselves to then. They have nothing to look forward to except torn and destroyed dreams, with no hope of progress or a future. They have no more â€Å"desire to conquer the world† and are â€Å"refugees†¦ fleeing from ourselves† (63). Many of them, like the famous war veteran â€Å"Kat,† who survives everything only to die finally from an unnoticed shrapnel wound, do not make it out alive. Death and destruction do not spare even Paul Baumer himself. Baumer dies as the dispatch declares â€Å"All quiet on the western front,† which calls to mind the desolation and sense of futility that accompany Baumer’s death. The destruction that Baumer and his comrades witnessed deprived them of life and hope. Thus Remarque’s novel, through its depiction of dehumanization, death and destruction, is a poignant lesson about the horror of war and its impact on generations. Remarque, Erich Maria (2005). All Quiet on the Western Front. London: Vintage.

Financial aid what international students need to know

If you’re an international student interested in applying to American universities, you probably already know that studying in the U.S. isn’t cheap – and sticker prices just keep rising. With tuition and fees at some schools now topping $70,000 a year, the cost of higher education in the U.S., even at public institutions, easily costs tens of thousands more than it does in most other countries. The good news is that schools do offer some kind of financial assistance for international students – in some cases, very significant amounts of aid. The bad news, however, is that navigating the American system requires a fair amount of savvy. For example, consider the following list of the 10 universities offering international students the most financial aid, courtesy US News and World Report: For full list, see https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/the-short-list-college/articles/2017-09-21/10-universities-that-offer-international-students-the-most-financial-aid While technically accurate, this list nevertheless provides a somewhat skewed picture of the financial aid landscape for international students. It does not, for example, distinguish between institutions that are â€Å"need-blind† for international students (ones that do not take financial need into consideration when making admissions decisions) and those that are â€Å"need-aware; or between institutions that commit to meeting all admitted students’ full need and those that may only be able to meet partial need or even none at all. If you look carefully, you can also notice that it provides the total number of international undergraduates receiving financial aid rather than the number of freshman, leaving giving the impression that more large scholarships are available per entering class than is actually the case. If you are applying as an international applicant, it is important to understand that policies governing financial aid for non-U.S. citizens differ from those governing financial aid for U.S. citizens. International applicants, for example, are not eligible for federal loans and must rely on grants provided by universities themselves. In addition, most schools have financial aid budgets that are far more restricted for international students than for American ones. Factor in international airfare, living costs, and possibly summer housing, and the costs can really add up. While policies vary significantly from institution to institution, schools can be grouped into four major categories. 1) Schools that are NOT need-blind for both American and international applicants In comparison to schools that admit without regard to financial need, non-need-blind colleges tend to have lower endowments and/or smaller applicant pools. That said, there is still a range of considerations: some schools may admit (or claim to admit) the vast majority of American students without regard for aid and only take financial need into consideration for a small percentage of applicants. Since the vast majority of universities already take need into account when considering international applicants, this type of policy doesn’t make an enormous amount of difference for them. On the whole, however, it’s probably reasonable to assume that these schools have less aid to offer for international students as well. They may still offer full or near-full scholarships to a select number of internationals, but the number is likely to be extremely restricted. 2) Schools that are need blind-for American applicants but not international applicants These schools do factor financial need into their admissions decisions for international students; however, they typically meet full financial need for the students they accept. Note that many top colleges and universities fall into this category, including Ivy League members Brown, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania and, on the liberal arts side, Swarthmore, Williams, and Wellesley. Because these schools only admit international students whom they can afford to fund, admissions rates for international students requiring aid are significantly lower than they are for domestic ones: a school whose overall acceptance rate is around 15-20% may, for example, accept only 5% of international applicants applying for aid. 3) Schools that are need-blind for both American and international applicants but that do not necessarily meet full need for international students   Although these schools  do not factor financial considerations into their admissions decisions, they also do not commit to meeting full need. As a result, students may be admitted but offered far less money than they need, putting the school out of reach. Tread carefully with these schools, some of which may effectively use international students as cash cows. There’s no point in getting admitted if you can’t afford to attend – especially if you can get a good education inexpensively in your home country. 4) Schools that are need-blind for both American and international applicants and meet full need This is by far the smallest group. In fact, out of thousands of schools in the United States, only four universities and one liberal arts college fall into this category: Stanford Princeton Harvard MIT Amherst Not surprisingly, these are five of the most selective schools in the United States, with acceptance rates ranging from a low of just over 5% (Harvard and Stanford) to 14% (Amherst). So does this mean that college in the United States is financially out of reach? Not necessarily – it just means you need to go into the process with your eyes open, and spend some time getting acquainted with how the system works. Many schools do offer significant merit-based scholarships for international students. You might have to look beyond the handful of name-brand universities that regularly get featured in popular media, but if you’re a competitive applicant who is willing to do some research, you might discover options you never knew were available.

Psychological State of Madness - 1088 Words

Madness is the psychological state of someone who has severe emotional or behavioral problems that require intervention. It is the spectrum of behavior characterized by mental or behavioral patterns deemed abnormal by societal norms, manifesting as violations of acceptable actions, roles, and beliefs of society. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman centers on the deteriorating mental condition of the female narrator. Gilman demonstrates the progression of her madness through the restriction of her self-expression. As a woman in the 19th century, the narrator exists in a subservient role to her husband and has inferior social status to men. Her social standing dictates that she is not allowed to participate in her own treatment or diagnosis and is completely forced to succumb to everything in which her doctor, who is her husband, dictates. This lack of control contributes to her descent into madness. The rest cure prescribed by her physician husband provided the environmen t for her madness to flourish because it was only by succumbing to her imagination that she retains some control and could exercise the power of her mind. Her husband John is displayed as the strong, practical, and stereotypically masculine who dominates the narrator in a controlling and patronizing manner. He is skeptical of her condition, diagnosing her sickness as merely nervousness and prescribes the rest cure as treatment. She is certain that she needs the opposite of the rest cure; thatShow MoreRelatedHamlet s Madness Is Less Than Madness And More Than Feigned779 Words   |  4 Pages3rd Period Dec. 17. 2015 Fact or Fake? â€Å"Hamlet’s madness is less than madness and more than feigned†. What is madness? Mad is a word with such uncertainty that it can be stretched to mean an abundance of things more than just pure psychological instability: a weariness of life; a suicidal impulse; a plotting charisma. 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The Consumer Credit Act 1974 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1961 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? 1.Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Purchase of The TV It is likely that Peter will have a claim as against his credit card company. Under section 75 of The Consumer Credit Act 1974, consumers paying for goods with a credit card are protected by a provision that allows them to make a claim directly against their credit card company or the supplier if they discover problems with the goods or services purchased. This is why many people pay with a credit card. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Consumer Credit Act 1974" essay for you Create order The sections, which is based on the idea of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“business connectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the creditor and the supplier, applies only in the case of a regulated agreement- that is only where the price of the goods is more than  £100 or less than  £30,000.00[1] and only if the cardholder is an individual, not a company and only applies to credit cards. The credit card issuer and the supplier are jointly liable if the consumer has a valid claim for misrepresentation and/or breach of contract by the supplier. The section states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“he shall have a like claim against the creditor, who, with the supplier, shall accordingly be jointly and severally liable to the debtor. The card issuer is liable not merely for the amount of the credit advanced under the transaction or the price of the goods or services bought but for all reasonably foreseeable consequential loss which may of course run into hundreds of thousands of pounds and thus goes beyond what is required in Community law under Article 11 of the current Consumer Credit Directive. The connected-lender-liability applies only in respect of regulated consumer credit card agreements and not to the use of debit cards. The Card Company may therefore be liable for loss, including even consequential loss to Peter, such as the insolvency of the company. Because the liability is joint and several, the card holder can elect to sue the company without taking steps against the supplier first. The reason for this provision[2] is that although the two contracts made by the card holder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one with the supplier and the other with the card company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are independent of each other, the supplier and the card issuer are in a joint venture. This means that in some respects the card holder is vulnerable in comparison with the other parties. Card holders who purchase defective good would have no right to refuse immediate payment to the card issuer, whereas they might be able to withhold payment to the supplier until the goods were replaced or the defect remedied. It does not matter that only part of the payment was made by credit card[3]. Therefore Peter may be able to recover the cost of the television from his credit card company. 2.Peters Stolen Debit Card Card issuers will bear the full loss for all transactions not authorised by the Customer after the issuer has been told of the mishap à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unless the customer has acted fraudulently or maybe with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gross negligence. This is important in relation to the transactions made before Peter has reported his card as being stolen .The Banking Code suggests that the bank will not be liable for money fraudulently spent if the card holder himself has been fraudulent and also, probably will not be liable if the card holder has been grossly negligent. Some examples of what the banks suggest would amount to gross negligence are suggested in the Code. It woul d be grossly negligent for card holders and this includes writing the PIN down on the card or on anything usually kept with it. The Ombudsman considers that gross negligence means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if not recklessness, something more than mere carelessness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In these circumstances the bank may be able to defend itself against a challenge by the customer to the debit, by reference to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour. These fall into two types: (a) where the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carelessness in drawing up the cheque has facilitate the making of forgery; and (b) where the customer knows of the forgery and has not informed the bank. These estoppels preventing the customer from disputing the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debit in certain circumstances, are founded on duties owed by the customer to the bank which arise from the banking relationship. In Joachimson, Atkin L J said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the customer, on his part, undertakes to exercise reasonable care in executing his written orders so as not to mislead the bank or facilitate forgery[4].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Estoppels are an all or nothing concept they either bar the Claimant completely or will not work at all[5]. This means that when a party relies on estoppel, any contributory negligence of the other party may not be taken into account. It operates: (a) if there is a statement of fact, or an omission to speak where there is a duty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" mere silence, omission or failure to act cannot amount to a representation on which an estoppel can be based; (b) the other person relies upon that statement or its omission; and (c) he or she suffers detriment from that reliance, or the circumstances are such that it is inequitable to allow the other person to go back on what he or she has said or omitted to say. The situation here would fall into the first category, i.e. as being a result of Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carelessness. The customer has a duty to draw cheques carefully, so that fraud is not facilitated. The first of these duties of the customer goes back to the case of Young v Grote[6] where a customer left blank signed cheques with his wife when he went away. His wife, unaccustomed to business matters, passed one to the clerk to fill out, who filed it out in such a way that he could later fraudulently raise the amount to be cashed. The court held that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gross negligenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the customer estopped him from claiming that the bank should not debit his account, and he was held to be liable for the loss. The principle was accepted by the House of Lords in London Joint Stock Bank v Macmillan and Arthur.[7] Here, one of the duties of the confidential clerk of a firm of merchants was to fill in cheques and present them to partners for signature. A partner signed one such cheque, which had not words and only figures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“2.0.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  written on it. The clerk then inserted the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one hu ndred and twenty poundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and altered the figures to read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“120.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He presented the cheque and was paid cash. The House of Lords held that the firm had been negligent and was estopped from suing the bank. The customer was bound to take usual and reasonable care in drawing the cheque to prevent forgery. If the cheque is drawn so that it invites à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an increase in the amount by forgery if the cheque should get into the hands of a dishonest person, forgery is not a remote, but a very natural consequence of negligence of this description[8]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It would seem that the circumstances here fit with the cases described above and on the facts it would appear that Peter has been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“grosslyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  negligent and therefore the bank will not be liable for paying the mandates and he will not be able to recover the money from the bank as she will be estopped from doing so. The Code Makes it plain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â‚¬Å" that compensation for losses will be limited to any amounts wrongly charged to customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accounts and any interest on those amounts. Consequential loss is not recoverable. In relation to the transactions that were made after the card was reported stolen Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability for transactions not authorised by him will be limited to a maximum of  £50 in the event of misuse before the card issuer has been notified that a card has been lost or stolen or that someone else knows the PIN. 3.Peters Digital Cash Card A digital cash card is an instrument with a computer chip embedded in it which can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chargedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by a bank with part of its customers current account balance or a line of credit, enabling it to be used for, and to record, a series of transactions until the available balance is exhausted. Electronic money is defined in the E-Money Directive as monetary value stored on a chip card (pre-paid card or electronic purse) or on a computer memory (network or software money) and which is accepted as a means of payment by undertakings other than the issuer. Under the Directive, electronic money must be redeemable for cash at equal value and issuers of electronic money are required to implement safeguards against money laundering. In implementing the Directive at national level, the authorities in some member states decided that in certain circumstances, by supplying pre-paid phone cards, mobile operators in practice issue electronic money and that therefore they should comply with existing EU rules concerning its issuance. This consultation aims to help establish among other things whether it is necessary for the rules which apply to electronic money to be applied in full to pre-paid phone cards. The Banking code recommends customers treat these digital cash cards like cash in a wallet as any money left on the card at the time it is lost or stolen will be lost in the same way as it would be if a wallet was lost. It goes on, however, to provide the same assurance of limiting customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ liability for such loss to  £50 (unless they have acted with fraud or gross negligence) as banks provide for ordinary cards[9]. Much of the rules on digital cash cards will of course depend on how they are developed. The most common method used for cardholder verification at present is to give the cardholder a PIN (Personal Identification Number) which he or she has to remember: the cardholder has to type in the PIN at each request for signing a message, or perhaps only once per session (e.g. when the card is inserted in the card reader). PINs, however, have several disadvantages, including the risk of being stolen or abused. The only truly effective method of Cardholder Verification is the measurement of a physiological characteristic unique to an individual and incapable of fraudulent replication or abuse. Such biometrics include Iris and Retinal s cans, Face or Hand geometry, and of course DNA, but the most likely and most acceptable attribute is the fingerprint. As such cards are not common use yet is difficult to assess Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability as it is difficult to say how secure they should be and to comment on the standard of care that will be owed by both Peter and the bank. It may be that the bank owe a higher duty of care because biometrics are used, which should make them impenetrable. Bibliography Legislation S I 1983 No 1571 (Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Amounts) Order 1983) Consumer Credit Act 1974 Reports and Codes Crowther Committee in para 6.6.20 of its 1971 Report Banking Code (1999) Cases Avon County Council v Howlett [1983] 1 ALL ER Jarrett v Barclays Bank plc; Jones v First National Bank PLC; First National Bank Plc v Peacock [1997] 6 Bank L R 66 London Joint Stock Bank v Macmillan and Arthur [1918] AC 777 Young v Grote (1827) 4 Bing Books Cransto n R, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Principles of Banking Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Oxford University Press Ellinger E, Lomnicka E Hooley R, (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Modern Banking Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Oxford University Press Geva B, (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bank Collections and Payment Transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Oxford University Press 308-309 Penn G Wadsley J, (2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Law and Practice of Domestic Bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet and Maxwell 1 Footnotes [1] See S I 1983 No 1571 (Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Amounts) Order 1983) [2] See for example Crowther Committee in para 6.6.20 of its 1971 Report [3] Jarrett v Barclays Bank plc; Jones v First National Bank PLC; First National Bank Plc v Peacock [1997] 6 Bank L R 66 [4] [1921 3 K B 110 at 127 [5] See for example Avon County Council v Howlett [1983] 1 ALL ER [6] (1827) 4 Bing [7] [1918] AC 777 [8] [1918] AC 777 at 789-790 [9] Banking Code (1999 paragraph 4.13

Defining Play Essay - 1033 Words

Introduction Defining play can be very difficult. The term play can be used to illustrate a wide range of behaviors and activities, and can be perceived as both essential and insignificant to the child at the same time. Santrock (2012, p.437) suggests a definition of play as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake. However, this is argued by Kernan (2007, p.5) who states that none of the potential definitions are broad enough to encompass all of the meanings associated with play. Despite the lack of such universal definition, Rennie (2003, p.22) claims, that we can recognize play across barriers of language, of culture, even of species, which conveys its importance in the life and development of children, as it is†¦show more content†¦165 and Wood Attfields 1996, p.76.) It encourages children to develop the ability to control their actions and emotions and adjust them to the recognized social norm and in addition to that, play helps children to prepare themselves to become an active member of a culture and their own family by interacting with the people closest to them, such as parents and other family members (Vygotsky, as cited in Brennan, 2012, p.162.) As a result of this, their social and emotional development is advanced from an early stage. Santrock (2012) also outlines the benefit of play for the childs physical development, as it permits the child to work off excess physical energy and to release pent-up tensions (Santrock, 2012, p.438), resulting in improved physical and mental health. Garvey (1991, p.27) states that play involving physical activity occurs more frequently in healthy children, possibly confirming that it is a component of healthy development. 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Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives For Small...

Introduction It is generally difficult to determine whether corporate social responsibility initiatives are easier to implement in small firms as opposed to large firms. Corporate CSR perspective is the ethical responsibility to society and social bodies as the firm adopts due to business financial, societal, governmental, and, moral image outcomes in society. In addition, the firm adopts ethical responsibility to external entities, which society focuses on and as a result magnifies and sensitises business stance and associations with external social bodies. In fact, CSR is the result of a discussion amongst the firm and its stakeholders about responsibilities and expectations. Corporate Social Responsibility: One Size Does Not Fit All. Collecting Evidence from Europe. The EU defines small firms as, those that employ 50 staff or less and have a turnover that is e10 million or under as seen in European Commission, 2003b. 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Business Decision Making Facelift Ltd.

Question: Describe about the roles of modern inventory system (MIS) of Facelift Ltd.? Answer: Company profile: The main business of Facelift Ltd. is to sell office furniture in the UK market. They have more than 100stores in UK. More than 8000 employees are working in this organization, and they have huge project to increase the turnover significantly. For this reason a market research is required, which help to determine that whether the company should diversify their business or move in the same way. Role of MIS in an inventory system: MIS helps to organize all the companys data in a computerized database system. It helps to collect all the data of a company like sales, manufacturing, and inventory. From all this data owner of the company can spot that how efficiently each departments are operating their work. It also helps to know that how well inventory system works. In facelift ltd, the roles of inventory management are given below: Preventing out of stock conditions- MIS always has a database of stock. So, it always prevents facelift ltd. from out of stock condition. Avoiding duplication- MIS has the database of all the available items. So, it helps to avoid duplication of an item. Valuing inventory- the amount which the company achieves by selling of finished goods is known as value of inventory.MIS can calculate the sales value of facelift ltds existing inventory. This help in counting assets of the company. Counting- MIS monitors sales on a daily basis. So, that facelift can count the items which are selling faster and can stock up those items immediately. Producing report- facelift ltd. can monitor their inventory level with the help MIS. They can use this database for having a report of sales and inventory, purchasing or manufacturing. References BusinessNewsDaily.com, (2015).Decision-Making Techniques and Tools. [online] Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/6162-decision-making.html [Accessed 17 Feb. 2015]. Guy, T., KaÃÅ' rnyÃÅ' , M. and Wolpert, D. (2013).Decision making and imperfection. Berlin: Springer. Medical Decision Making Reviewers, 2013. (2014).Medical Decision Making, 34(3), pp.276-278.

Effective Business Communication Employee Job Performance

Question: Describe about the Effective Business Communication for Employee Job Performance. Answer: Topic The topic chosen for critically analysing the article is Explaining Employee Job Performance: The Role of Online and Offline Workplace Communication Networks. Every organization makes certain investment for building a virtual information and communication technology (ICT) for enhancing communication which affects employee performance. This research work focuses specifically on social networks for explaining job performance (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The variables explored in this paper are offline and online ties in relation with job performance. Social networks can be defined as a set of linkages which explains the interactional patterns among people (Merchant, 2012). Objectives The main objective of this study is to seek understanding of the effects or impact of technological the employee performance at work. The research study engages online and offline workplace communication networks for understanding the performance of employees. The researchers attempt to distinguish between online and offline communication networks at the workplace so that the interdependent and independent functions can be identified while affecting job performance. Further, the researchers also attempt to differentiate between direct and indirect ties in an online and offline technological environment while affecting access to important resources. Further, the research article aims to make theoretical contributions for affecting the impact of technology on job performance. Additionally, the research article aims to make contribution to organizational behaviour research where the relationship between social networks and job performance is clearly established. The thesis of this resea rch article is to differentiate between direct and indirect ties in an online and offline communication environment to explain the ways in which it enables or restricts workers access to significant resources (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Methodology The methodology adopted for conducting this research study is quantitative analysis. The study was conducted in a Fortune 500 telecommunication company in the United States (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The data was collected using primary method of data collection through quantitative method for measuring reliability and validity of the scales. The respondents involve software engineers, technical leads and business analysts. The population for this research study is 120 out of which the sample size was chosen as 104 people (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Questionnaires were distributed to the participants and data was collected from them during normal business hours. The participants were requested to submit their responses within a week after receiving the survey. Each day the participants were reminded to complete the survey. The organization allowed the workers to fill the survey within their working hours. Additionally, they were provided with an incentive of $50 for every completed surv ey for increasing the response rate (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The research model was tested using the hierarchical regression analysis. A pilot study was also conducted among the students with a population of 55 students and sample size of 52 students (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The data was collected from the students at the end of their semester before their exams where an incentive of $10 was offered for participation (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). A pilot study was conducted where the students completed the survey in an hours time (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Argument The main argument of this research paper is that the employee network critically affects the access to significant resources which directly contributes to job performance. The research study argues that a workers network ties have a significant function in impacting the significant resources (Bloom et al., 2014). Also, these significant resources are a mechanism to positively contribute to efficient job performance. It is argued that online and offline networks significantly affect job performance of the employees (Kim Park, 2013). The researchers argue that the employees having large number of ties in the online and offline networks can obtain benefit as well as disadvantages from it (Andreeva Kianto, 2012). From the previous or existing literature, it has been found that the complementary resources have a certain effect on the job performance outcomes (Kim Noh, 2012). These resources result in enhancing the firm performance. Further, after analyzing the differences between onlin e and offline communication networks, it is argued that network ties in online and offline networks provide access to resources that are complementary to each other, such that missing benefits of one network can be obtained from the other network and the limitations or constraints of one network can be offset by the other network (Camisn Villar-Lpez, 2014). Implications The research article has both theoretical and practical implications. Going through the theoretical implications, the research study significantly adds to the Information System success. As the effect of technology on employees job performance is identified, the success rate of IS can be explored (Li, Veliyath, Tan, 2012). Further, the incorporation of the social network theory adds to the theoretical knowledge. Secondly, this research study helps in enhancing the understanding of ICT and its effects on job performance. This is of significant importance to both academic researchers and practitioners. Thirdly, the understanding of social network theory adds to the knowledge base. This research can be beneficial for the organizations as they can maximize the benefits of ICTs and enhance employee performance (Wong Dow, 2011). Not only the understanding, this research study encourages and motivates the employees at the organization to create more ties for expanding the benefits obtaine d by ICTs (Chang et al., 2012). The organizations can increase or enhance their job outcomes. The research study can be used by the managers to train or educate the workers so that they can reflect on their online and offline networks. The organizations can also achieve competitive advantage and reduce their overall cost. By illustrating the importance of online and offline communication media, a better understanding can be gained by the managers and employees to enhance organizational performance (Huijts, Molin, Steg, 2012). Findings The findings of this study state that the cause loadings were more than 0.70 and cross-loadings was less than 0.20 (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The above results indicate that the convergent and discriminant validity is supported. The online and offline communication networks with both direct and indirect ties have a significant correlation with the job performance. There was no multicollinearity identified (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The research study drew from social network theory was helpful in establishing the variables affecting job performance. It is found that the employees have higher trust, emotional closeness and social support with better communication networks. Alternatively, it is found that there is weak tie with infrequent and distant relationship among the employees if they have low communication networks. There was fast receipt of information as the distance between people was minimized. The benefit of knowledge spillover was enjoyed by the employees (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Strengths The main strength of this research study is that it theorizes employees ties in both online and offline communication network at the workplace. The research article has a strong introduction as it lists the variables considered in the study in details. A thorough background to the social network theory is provided which is the main component of the research. The authors examine different networks and ties for a better understanding on behaviours and interactional patterns. The author makes the research stronger by establishing a clear distinction between online and offline communication networks. A table is presented which lists the prior research establishing relationship between students academic or employees job performance. This table is a strong part of the research study as it summarizes the type of networks, categorization of online and offline networks, controls, major findings, direct or indirect ties. Moreover, an appendix is attached which mentions the questions asked in t he survey for analysing the online and offline communication network patterns. This research is beneficial for the organizations as well as employees so that they can maximize the benefits of ICT (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Weaknesses The research study has a few limitations which have been addressed as under. The importance of incorporating technology is well explored in the paper, but the different fragments of technology is not analysed in the paper. The research study only considers face to face communication technologies and does not analyse telephonic communication which is a significant mode of offline communication. However, it is further argued that telephone communication may also be considered as an online mode of communication. Hence, the research article lacks clarity on the categorization of telephonic communication. Another weakness of this research article is that the authors have only examined direct and indirect ties of network. The other structural properties have been ignored such as network constraints, barriers or holes that adversely affect performance. Another factor such as friendship network has also not been considered which also leaves a certain impact on the job performance. If the exp ertise level of the employees is not known, then the information may not be useful. The third weakness is that the research paper only considers communication frequency for collecting network data. The research study lacks in qualitative method of data collection so that the data can be explored in a descriptive manner (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). References Andreeva, T. Kianto, A. (2012). Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance.Journal Of Knowledge Management,16(4), 617-636. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271211246185 Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The Distinct Effects of Information Technology and Communication Technology on Firm Organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. https://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2013 Camisn, C. Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal Of Business Research,67(1), 2891-2902. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.06.004 Chang, Y., Chang, H., Chi, H., Chen, M., Deng, L. (2012). How do established firms improve radical innovation performance? The organizational capabilities view.Technovation,32(7-8), 441-451. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2012.03.001 Huijts, N., Molin, E., Steg, L. (2012). Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(1), 525-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.018 Kim, S. Noh, M. (2012). Determinants Influencing Consumers' Trust and Trust Performance of Social Commerce and Moderating Effect of Experience.Information Technology Journal,11(10), 1369-1380. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2012.1369.1380 Kim, S. Park, H. (2013). Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers trust and trust performance.International Journal Of Information Management,33(2), 318-332. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.11.006 Li, W., Veliyath, R., Tan, J. (2012). Network Characteristics and Firm Performance: An Examination of the Relationships in the Context of a Cluster.Journal Of Small Business Management,51(1), 1-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2012.00375.x Merchant, G. (2012). Unravelling the social network: theory and research.Learning, Media And Technology,37(1), 4-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2011.567992 Wong, J. Dow, K. (2011). The Effects of Investments in Information Technology on Firm Performance.Journal Of Information Technology Research,4(3), 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2011070101 Zhang, X., Venkatesh, V. (2013). Explaining Employee Job Performance: The Role of Online and Offline Workplace Communication Networks.Mis Quarterly,37(3), 695-722.

Organisational Culture Jc Penney free essay sample

Do you think JC Penney was justified in appointing Mike Ullman, an outsider, as CEO instead of Vanessa Castagna, considering that Castagna was instrumental in turning around JC Penney in the early 2000s? Soon afterwards, Castagna left the company. What are the pros and cons of â€Å"bringing in an outsider† and promoting from within†? Discuss too the impact of such decisions on the morale of the employees. JC Penney is a mid range chain of American department stores, which was first started by James Cash Penney 1902, when he was offered a one third partnership in a new store with Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan called The Golden Rule. The store was a dry goods and clothing store in Kemmerer, Wyoming and from here the chain spread rapidly throughout the United States changing its name to JC Penney in 1913 when James Penney took a greater ownership of the chain. At about this time several partners met at Salt Lake City to draft â€Å"The Penney Idea†, a set of business principles that were to guide the business from then on. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Culture Jc Penney or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wikipedia. com viewed 9th September 2007. Over the years the chain of the department stores continued to grow through a system where the managers put equity into their stores giving them more control over what was sold. As a result the merchandising system was decentralised while all its competitors had a more centralised system allowing them to know what was in stock at any one time, what was moving and what was not; and to be able to advertise on a national basis. With the intense competition found in the retail sector in the late 1990s, JC Penney began to find its place in the market was under pressure and profits began to decline. At this stage it made the new appointments of Allen Questrom as the CEO and Vanessa Castagna as the new COO. Castagna came to JC Penneys with a great deal of merchandising experience gained from other retail chain stores. With this experience she helped Questrom turn around JCP by centralising the buying system, decreasing the number of lines sold, closing down non performing outlets and re-imaging the lines sold to the customers.This plus the selling of a number of the company’s other interests left it in a very good financial position avoiding what looked like possible disaster. These changes brought JCP into line with its competitors and in doing this Castagna showed excellent management skills. The share market also approved, as can been seen with shares rising from about $20 when she joined the company in 1999 to over $40 when she quit in March 2005, as can be seen in Diagram1. Diagram 1 http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/charts/charts. sp? symbol=JCP viewed 9th September 2007. Even though Castagna showed great management skills she did not necessarily show the vision or leadership skills that were necessary to take JCP the next step further were it could attract, train and keep good staff as well as present a new image that would excite and attract new customers and ensure old customers kept coming back. Kotter (1996, pg 25) stated, â€Å"Management is a set of processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly.The most important aspects of management include planning, budgeting, organising, staffing, controlling, and problem solving. Leadership is a set of processes that creates organisations in the first place or adapts them to significantly changing circumstances. Leadership defines what the future should look like, aligns people with that vision, and inspires them to make it happen despite the obstacles. † When Myron E. Ullman joined JC Penney as Chairman and CEO late in 2004 he found that the company had maintained a rigid old world culture that discouraged new recruits and stifled creative thinking.Morale amongst employees was high, but only because the company had just avoided disaster and Ullman felt to increase morale and retain quality staff the culture within the organisation had to change dramatically. He had a vision to take the company to the industry leadership level through the â€Å"Long Term Plan† which has been updated over the last couple of years and can be summarised as follows: Annual Report (2006, Pg 4) †¢Develop strong enduring relationships with customers †¢Inspir e customers with our merchandise and services †¢Being the preferred choice for a retail career Establish JCP as the growth leader in the retail industry Unlike Castagna, Ullman has displayed high cognitive leadership abilities allowing him to see the underlying problems within JCP and act on them with innovative ideas. Of the five factors that make up Cognitive Intelligence, he shows high levels in all of them. †¢Experienced in retail industry. Gathered information about JCP before acting †¢Creativity was shown through in range of cultural change initiatives †¢Recognised when people are engaged with work they relate better to customers †¢Showed farsightedness through the â€Å"Long Term Plan† Putting 164 hrs into Retail Academy showed openness Ullman has proven that he is Strategic Leader as shown by Daft (2005, Pg 510-53). †¢His Mission was simple and it was to take the company to the Industry Leadership Level. This gave the organisation something to aim at for the future, established a standard of excellence and it reflected high ideals. †¢The Mission is in the form of the â€Å"Long Term Plan†. It defines the JCP’s character, core values, remains mostly constant over a five year period and provides a basis for creating the Mission. The strategy formulation is the cultural change initiatives that were required to build a customer focused culture. It was unfortunate that Castagna resigned from her position as the COO only some months after Ullman began in his role, as together, when considering their abilities, they would have made a very good team. However in light of the leadership skills and abilities that Ullman brought to JCP, it was a gamble that was worth the risk that the board took. Stone (2005, pg 192) lists the following advantages and disadvantages of promoting from within or outside an organisation: From OutsideAdvantages †¢Pool of Talent is bigger †¢New insights, skills and know-how can be introduced into the organisation †¢It is sometimes cheaper and easier hire employees †¢Outside employees are not members of existing cliques Disadvantages †¢Attracting and selecting new employees is more difficult †¢New employee adjustment and orientation takes longer †¢Morale may suffer among existing employees who have been passed over †¢Incumbent’s performance or personality is below what was expected or is acceptable From WithinAdvantages †¢Have knowledge of candidate’s strengths and weaknesses †¢Candidate already knows the organisation †¢Employee morale and motivation are enhanced †¢Return on investment in training and development is enhanced †¢Can generate a succession of promotions †¢Organisation needs to hire only entry level candidates Disadvantages †¢Employees may promoted beyond their level of competence †¢Employee infighting for promotions can affect morale †¢Inbreeding can stifle creativity and innovation †¢System can become bureaucratic Excellent training and development programs become necessary One would only image the impact on morale when the head on an organisation was sourced from outside the group and then to find the COO, whom it was widely expected to have taken on this role, to offer her resignation and leave. The mood at JCP which was quite high because of the recent turn aroun d in financial fortunes would dissipated very quickly. However the low morale that had resulted would have turned around once the cultural initiatives that were implemented started showing positive effects. Some analysts consider that culture change is driven from the top, whereas, others say that it is the system that drives change, not top management. Give your comments with reasons. DuBrin, Dalglish and Miller (2006, Pg. 429-30) define organisational culture, in three components: †¢The Artefact Level This includes the physical layout of the premises, the terminology, the signs, rituals and stories of the organisation. In the case of JC Penney, this would include such things as the expectation to always dress formally, the ban on decorating and personalising cubicles and the addressing of managers in a formal manner. The Value Level This is the individual’s sense of what ought to be, as distinct from what is. These are statements made about the organisation, what it does, and how it does it, which reflect the culture. The Penney Idea is an example of this, the document espousing values such as being agreeable, moral leadership, thriftiness and the need for employees to conduct themselves in a particular way both on the job and at home. †¢The Underlying Set of Assumptions These assumptions develop when values become so entrenched they are taken f or granted and are assumed to be unchangeable. After being in existence for over one hundred years JCP had entrenched values that would take concerted efforts to change. DuBrin, Dalglish and Miller (2006, Pg. 430) also identify four ways in which the organisational culture can be influenced: †¢The beliefs and values of the organisations founder. James C Penney bought his first shop in 1902, was the CEO until 1917 and remained as the Chairman of the Board until 1946 and after that as the Honorary Chairman until his death in 1971, Wikipedia. com viewed 9th September 2007.With this long connection and the organisation bearing his name it is easy to understand why the organisational culture had not changed and was one that reflected his ideals and that of a bygone era. †¢The social norms of the country in which the organisation first developed. According to the Annual Report 2006, Pg. 9, JCP has 1,026 stores in the USA and a further 7 stores in Puerto Rico. The South American influence can be seen in lines of clothing developed that are specifically aimed at the Hispanic population. Requirement to adapt to external pressures and the need to survive. In the case of JCP, changes in the culture began to come about from the near financial collapse in the late 1990s and the plummeting value of its shares on the stock market as can be seen on Diagram 1. It was first essential that the organisations procedures where brought up to industry standards. This was done by Questrom and Castagna and later in order to make JCP to an industry leader Ullman and team brought about significant changes in an attempt to completely revamp the culture. Internal Integration and problems with it. In 1922, the President of JCP Earl C. Sams was apparently critical of the informality of staff calling each other by their first names as he believed that it did not show enough dignity and respect. Although nothing was conveyed to the employees of JCP, they began the formal tradition of addressing each other by their surnames. Limerick and Cunnington (1993, Pg. 184) also states that, â€Å"We also do not assume that the founder or the CEO of an organisation has the unilateral control over culture.On the contrary, a host of individuals and interest groups are normally trying to shape the culture according to their vision or interests. But we do assert that CEOs in general, and founders in particular, form a very powerful, if not dominant, influence on corporate culture. † It can be seen James Penney had left a long lasting influence over the culture of the organisation, with his death in 1971, there was the opportunity for the CEO to change the culture, providing it was done in a careful and considerate manner in order for it to be taken seriously and not o offend employees. When Myron Ullman was appointed chairman and CEO, rather than make large encompassing changes he listened to employees, gathered ideas and spoke to other people who had been through the same process, and little by little he started making changes that had positive effects to the culture. The effect of these changes filtered through to the value placed on the company by the share market (which can be seen in Diagram 1), with shares rising from $40 per share at the time he took over as CEO to about $65 per share as 9th September 2007. Wha t are the lessons to be learned from the JC Penney culture change initiatives? What do you see as the key components in its having achieved it goals, at least in the near term? How can JC Penney keep the momentum of change rolling in its favour in the future? When Myron Ullman first joined JC Penney he wanted to create a customer focused culture and in trying to do so he came across significant opposition due to the ingrained culture that was very formal and rigid going back over one hundred years.Once having assessed JCP’s culture and being mindful on how it prided itself on its corporate tradition, Ullman set about making symbolic changes: He also started in-house training programs, which were not the norm in the retail industry due to the high turnover rates. The argument was that if training was provided employees would be more willing to invest their careers with JCP and as a result it would be a cure to the retention problem of high staff turnover. The programs were: †¢The Retail Program, which was like an intense graduate school on retail, strategy and team development for their managers.In these training groups it was reinforced that the members were the future of the organisation and it was also believed that the well trained managers helped train their subordinates. †¢The graduates of these programs would in turn take courses titles â€Å"Leading a Store† Another type of initiative that was introduced by Ullman was the repositioning of its brand, the first in its 105 year history, with the slogan â€Å"Every Day Matters† with all its employees trained in the new initiatives.The lessons learned from the culture change initiatives were, that although resistance by employees was met, if management were committed to and persisted with meaningful changes over the long term the culture can change and employees will become more positive in regard to positions which in turn should flow through to customers. The positive results to the initiatives can be seen in: †¢The second survey of employees which showed an increase job satisfaction from 67 per cent in 2005 up to 73 per cent in 2006. The increased ability to attract graduates from the best professional retail schools. The bottom line increased with Operating Profit going from $1,275mill in 2004 to $1,631mill in 2005 up to $1,922mill in 2006, Annual Report (2006, Pg 20). The key components in JCP having achieved its goal to date, has been having an effective leader and team who have: †¢Been patient so as to ensure that they listen, learn and understand the problems and issues that the organisation faces. To surround themselves with capable and trustworthy people who are able to perform their roles to the level that is required †¢While keeping a focus on what is trying to be achieved, making small but significant changes within the working environment to ensure improvement in job satisfaction. †¢Ensuring employees are equipped to perform their roles eg ongoing training. Daft (2005, Pg 564-69) gives a number techniques to maintain a healthy culture that could be used to maintain the momentum of change.They are: †¢Ceremonies, they are special events which are for the benefit of an audience, they reinforce specific values, create bonds and celebrate achievements. Eg. Celebrate certain milestones or achieving targets. †¢Stories which are repeated frequently and shared amongst employees, they can illustrate and reinforce important cultural values. The story can be factual or fictional and relate to JCP’s motto â€Å"Every Day Matters† †¢Symbols, can be an object, act, or event and convey cultural values. An example of this is the replacement of art with photos of employees and pictures of certain organisational sites on the corporate office walls. Specialised Language. The use of slogans or sayings can express key corporate values such as the â€Å"Every Day Matters† slogan. †¢Selection and Socialisation. Ensuring the right people are hired is essential then they must be socialised by instilling good values, high self esteem and confidence. †¢Daily Action. Leaders must signal and support important cultural values through daily actions. Employees learn what is valued most in a company by watching what attitudes and behaviours leaders pay attention to and reward, how they act in organisational crises and how their own behaviour match the companies values.