Psychological State of Madness - 1088 Words

Madness is the psychological state of someone who has severe emotional or behavioral problems that require intervention. It is the spectrum of behavior characterized by mental or behavioral patterns deemed abnormal by societal norms, manifesting as violations of acceptable actions, roles, and beliefs of society. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman centers on the deteriorating mental condition of the female narrator. Gilman demonstrates the progression of her madness through the restriction of her self-expression. As a woman in the 19th century, the narrator exists in a subservient role to her husband and has inferior social status to men. Her social standing dictates that she is not allowed to participate in her own treatment or diagnosis and is completely forced to succumb to everything in which her doctor, who is her husband, dictates. This lack of control contributes to her descent into madness. The rest cure prescribed by her physician husband provided the environmen t for her madness to flourish because it was only by succumbing to her imagination that she retains some control and could exercise the power of her mind. Her husband John is displayed as the strong, practical, and stereotypically masculine who dominates the narrator in a controlling and patronizing manner. He is skeptical of her condition, diagnosing her sickness as merely nervousness and prescribes the rest cure as treatment. She is certain that she needs the opposite of the rest cure; thatShow MoreRelatedHamlet s Madness Is Less Than Madness And More Than Feigned779 Words   |  4 Pages3rd Period Dec. 17. 2015 Fact or Fake? â€Å"Hamlet’s madness is less than madness and more than feigned†. What is madness? Mad is a word with such uncertainty that it can be stretched to mean an abundance of things more than just pure psychological instability: a weariness of life; a suicidal impulse; a plotting charisma. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, a wild disagreement has been consequent for a series of years in the case of the madness of Hamlet, the play s central narrative, was justifiableRead MoreMadness Vs Madness967 Words   |  4 Pages1. The entire relationship of mental illness and madness and where they stand can be easily identified the past versus the present. Mental or psychological illness, is more commonly seen in today’s society and norm’s, where as madness still occurs yet has a completely different meaning. Madness originally took on the role of a disability, and madness was a concept, that those before us thought, which answered what mental illness truly was. The relevancy between these two concepts are important tooRead MoreA Brilliant Madness about John Forbes Nash Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesillness or madness can be an escape also† (qtd. in â€Å"John Forbes Nash†). To many â€Å"normal† people, the terms â€Å"insanity† or â€Å"madness† portray a negative connotation-- the unfortunate ones â€Å"suffer† from mental illness. However, brilliant mathematician and Nobel laureate John Forbes Nash, who has paranoid schizophrenia, cherishes his unique condition as a means of retreat from the brutalities of reality (â€Å"John Forbes Nash†). Since ancient times, people have observed the link between madness and creativeRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare656 Words   |  3 Pagesit. There is plenty of psychological depth behind Hamlet’s madness. One could easily argue that Hamlet isn’t actually mad. Hamlet understands that it wouldn’t be wise to immediately kil l Claudius because that means Claudius would be sent to heaven. This doesn’t sit well with Hamlet and feels that Claudius deserves to suffer. Hamlet uses the situation of his father being murdered and concludes that acting mad is the only way to fix the situation. Hamlet uses madness to serve as a motive forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, The Most Famous Being Hamlet s Own Emotional State1661 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional state. His madness, triggered by his incestuous uncle, has led several scholars to explore the psychological causes of his madness. This research into Hamlet’s madness will explore his madness in comparison to other characters, the psychoanalytical studies behind his madness, and defining whether his madness is genuine or another play within the play. His mother and his uncle have married after only 2 months of Hamlet’s father’s death. This has caused Hamlet to be in a heavy state of angerRead MoreTheme Of Violence In Macbeth1186 Words   |  5 Pagesreveals the psychological state of the characters. Throughout the piece, different levels of dishonourable violent actions reflect a character’s sanity level. 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Although both women are presented in different forms Lady Macbeth is also strongly influenced by her physical surroundings. Like Miss Havisham, her home is metaphorical of her characteristics. She lives in a great castle fromRead MoreMind and Hamlet1132 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes, such as revenge, realisation of reality and the questioning of humanity, we can see the different possibilities within Hamlet as an â€Å"admirable text† with enduring human value. Furthermore, the emotional journey of Hamlet and his progression of madness provide further opportunity for differing interpretations. Hamlet connects with audiences from a variety of socio-historic contexts primarily due to its address of fundamental human issues and what it is to be human. Hamlet s soliloquy at the end

The Consumer Credit Act 1974 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1961 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? 1.Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Purchase of The TV It is likely that Peter will have a claim as against his credit card company. Under section 75 of The Consumer Credit Act 1974, consumers paying for goods with a credit card are protected by a provision that allows them to make a claim directly against their credit card company or the supplier if they discover problems with the goods or services purchased. This is why many people pay with a credit card. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Consumer Credit Act 1974" essay for you Create order The sections, which is based on the idea of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“business connectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the creditor and the supplier, applies only in the case of a regulated agreement- that is only where the price of the goods is more than  £100 or less than  £30,000.00[1] and only if the cardholder is an individual, not a company and only applies to credit cards. The credit card issuer and the supplier are jointly liable if the consumer has a valid claim for misrepresentation and/or breach of contract by the supplier. The section states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“he shall have a like claim against the creditor, who, with the supplier, shall accordingly be jointly and severally liable to the debtor. The card issuer is liable not merely for the amount of the credit advanced under the transaction or the price of the goods or services bought but for all reasonably foreseeable consequential loss which may of course run into hundreds of thousands of pounds and thus goes beyond what is required in Community law under Article 11 of the current Consumer Credit Directive. The connected-lender-liability applies only in respect of regulated consumer credit card agreements and not to the use of debit cards. The Card Company may therefore be liable for loss, including even consequential loss to Peter, such as the insolvency of the company. Because the liability is joint and several, the card holder can elect to sue the company without taking steps against the supplier first. The reason for this provision[2] is that although the two contracts made by the card holder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one with the supplier and the other with the card company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are independent of each other, the supplier and the card issuer are in a joint venture. This means that in some respects the card holder is vulnerable in comparison with the other parties. Card holders who purchase defective good would have no right to refuse immediate payment to the card issuer, whereas they might be able to withhold payment to the supplier until the goods were replaced or the defect remedied. It does not matter that only part of the payment was made by credit card[3]. Therefore Peter may be able to recover the cost of the television from his credit card company. 2.Peters Stolen Debit Card Card issuers will bear the full loss for all transactions not authorised by the Customer after the issuer has been told of the mishap à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unless the customer has acted fraudulently or maybe with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gross negligence. This is important in relation to the transactions made before Peter has reported his card as being stolen .The Banking Code suggests that the bank will not be liable for money fraudulently spent if the card holder himself has been fraudulent and also, probably will not be liable if the card holder has been grossly negligent. Some examples of what the banks suggest would amount to gross negligence are suggested in the Code. It woul d be grossly negligent for card holders and this includes writing the PIN down on the card or on anything usually kept with it. The Ombudsman considers that gross negligence means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if not recklessness, something more than mere carelessness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In these circumstances the bank may be able to defend itself against a challenge by the customer to the debit, by reference to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour. These fall into two types: (a) where the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carelessness in drawing up the cheque has facilitate the making of forgery; and (b) where the customer knows of the forgery and has not informed the bank. These estoppels preventing the customer from disputing the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debit in certain circumstances, are founded on duties owed by the customer to the bank which arise from the banking relationship. In Joachimson, Atkin L J said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the customer, on his part, undertakes to exercise reasonable care in executing his written orders so as not to mislead the bank or facilitate forgery[4].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Estoppels are an all or nothing concept they either bar the Claimant completely or will not work at all[5]. This means that when a party relies on estoppel, any contributory negligence of the other party may not be taken into account. It operates: (a) if there is a statement of fact, or an omission to speak where there is a duty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" mere silence, omission or failure to act cannot amount to a representation on which an estoppel can be based; (b) the other person relies upon that statement or its omission; and (c) he or she suffers detriment from that reliance, or the circumstances are such that it is inequitable to allow the other person to go back on what he or she has said or omitted to say. The situation here would fall into the first category, i.e. as being a result of Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carelessness. The customer has a duty to draw cheques carefully, so that fraud is not facilitated. The first of these duties of the customer goes back to the case of Young v Grote[6] where a customer left blank signed cheques with his wife when he went away. His wife, unaccustomed to business matters, passed one to the clerk to fill out, who filed it out in such a way that he could later fraudulently raise the amount to be cashed. The court held that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gross negligenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the customer estopped him from claiming that the bank should not debit his account, and he was held to be liable for the loss. The principle was accepted by the House of Lords in London Joint Stock Bank v Macmillan and Arthur.[7] Here, one of the duties of the confidential clerk of a firm of merchants was to fill in cheques and present them to partners for signature. A partner signed one such cheque, which had not words and only figures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“2.0.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  written on it. The clerk then inserted the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one hu ndred and twenty poundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and altered the figures to read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“120.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He presented the cheque and was paid cash. The House of Lords held that the firm had been negligent and was estopped from suing the bank. The customer was bound to take usual and reasonable care in drawing the cheque to prevent forgery. If the cheque is drawn so that it invites à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an increase in the amount by forgery if the cheque should get into the hands of a dishonest person, forgery is not a remote, but a very natural consequence of negligence of this description[8]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It would seem that the circumstances here fit with the cases described above and on the facts it would appear that Peter has been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“grosslyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  negligent and therefore the bank will not be liable for paying the mandates and he will not be able to recover the money from the bank as she will be estopped from doing so. The Code Makes it plain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â‚¬Å" that compensation for losses will be limited to any amounts wrongly charged to customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accounts and any interest on those amounts. Consequential loss is not recoverable. In relation to the transactions that were made after the card was reported stolen Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability for transactions not authorised by him will be limited to a maximum of  £50 in the event of misuse before the card issuer has been notified that a card has been lost or stolen or that someone else knows the PIN. 3.Peters Digital Cash Card A digital cash card is an instrument with a computer chip embedded in it which can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chargedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by a bank with part of its customers current account balance or a line of credit, enabling it to be used for, and to record, a series of transactions until the available balance is exhausted. Electronic money is defined in the E-Money Directive as monetary value stored on a chip card (pre-paid card or electronic purse) or on a computer memory (network or software money) and which is accepted as a means of payment by undertakings other than the issuer. Under the Directive, electronic money must be redeemable for cash at equal value and issuers of electronic money are required to implement safeguards against money laundering. In implementing the Directive at national level, the authorities in some member states decided that in certain circumstances, by supplying pre-paid phone cards, mobile operators in practice issue electronic money and that therefore they should comply with existing EU rules concerning its issuance. This consultation aims to help establish among other things whether it is necessary for the rules which apply to electronic money to be applied in full to pre-paid phone cards. The Banking code recommends customers treat these digital cash cards like cash in a wallet as any money left on the card at the time it is lost or stolen will be lost in the same way as it would be if a wallet was lost. It goes on, however, to provide the same assurance of limiting customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ liability for such loss to  £50 (unless they have acted with fraud or gross negligence) as banks provide for ordinary cards[9]. Much of the rules on digital cash cards will of course depend on how they are developed. The most common method used for cardholder verification at present is to give the cardholder a PIN (Personal Identification Number) which he or she has to remember: the cardholder has to type in the PIN at each request for signing a message, or perhaps only once per session (e.g. when the card is inserted in the card reader). PINs, however, have several disadvantages, including the risk of being stolen or abused. The only truly effective method of Cardholder Verification is the measurement of a physiological characteristic unique to an individual and incapable of fraudulent replication or abuse. Such biometrics include Iris and Retinal s cans, Face or Hand geometry, and of course DNA, but the most likely and most acceptable attribute is the fingerprint. As such cards are not common use yet is difficult to assess Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability as it is difficult to say how secure they should be and to comment on the standard of care that will be owed by both Peter and the bank. It may be that the bank owe a higher duty of care because biometrics are used, which should make them impenetrable. Bibliography Legislation S I 1983 No 1571 (Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Amounts) Order 1983) Consumer Credit Act 1974 Reports and Codes Crowther Committee in para 6.6.20 of its 1971 Report Banking Code (1999) Cases Avon County Council v Howlett [1983] 1 ALL ER Jarrett v Barclays Bank plc; Jones v First National Bank PLC; First National Bank Plc v Peacock [1997] 6 Bank L R 66 London Joint Stock Bank v Macmillan and Arthur [1918] AC 777 Young v Grote (1827) 4 Bing Books Cransto n R, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Principles of Banking Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Oxford University Press Ellinger E, Lomnicka E Hooley R, (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Modern Banking Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Oxford University Press Geva B, (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bank Collections and Payment Transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Oxford University Press 308-309 Penn G Wadsley J, (2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Law and Practice of Domestic Bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet and Maxwell 1 Footnotes [1] See S I 1983 No 1571 (Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Amounts) Order 1983) [2] See for example Crowther Committee in para 6.6.20 of its 1971 Report [3] Jarrett v Barclays Bank plc; Jones v First National Bank PLC; First National Bank Plc v Peacock [1997] 6 Bank L R 66 [4] [1921 3 K B 110 at 127 [5] See for example Avon County Council v Howlett [1983] 1 ALL ER [6] (1827) 4 Bing [7] [1918] AC 777 [8] [1918] AC 777 at 789-790 [9] Banking Code (1999 paragraph 4.13

Defining Play Essay - 1033 Words

Introduction Defining play can be very difficult. The term play can be used to illustrate a wide range of behaviors and activities, and can be perceived as both essential and insignificant to the child at the same time. Santrock (2012, p.437) suggests a definition of play as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake. However, this is argued by Kernan (2007, p.5) who states that none of the potential definitions are broad enough to encompass all of the meanings associated with play. Despite the lack of such universal definition, Rennie (2003, p.22) claims, that we can recognize play across barriers of language, of culture, even of species, which conveys its importance in the life and development of children, as it is†¦show more content†¦165 and Wood Attfields 1996, p.76.) It encourages children to develop the ability to control their actions and emotions and adjust them to the recognized social norm and in addition to that, play helps children to prepare themselves to become an active member of a culture and their own family by interacting with the people closest to them, such as parents and other family members (Vygotsky, as cited in Brennan, 2012, p.162.) As a result of this, their social and emotional development is advanced from an early stage. Santrock (2012) also outlines the benefit of play for the childs physical development, as it permits the child to work off excess physical energy and to release pent-up tensions (Santrock, 2012, p.438), resulting in improved physical and mental health. Garvey (1991, p.27) states that play involving physical activity occurs more frequently in healthy children, possibly confirming that it is a component of healthy development. In addition to this, encouraging physical activity through play could influence the children to maintain a healthy lifestyle later in life, and has an array of physical and mental health benefits which prevent disease associated with lack of activity (Chaloux and Media, 2013.) Describe the difference between informal and formal play The difference between informal play (also free play) and formal play (also structured play)Show MoreRelatedDefining Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Essay562 Words   |  3 PagesDefining Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. There are many factors, which contribute to the degeneration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points, which contribute greatly to Macbeths degeneration, are the prophecies, which were told to him by the witches, Lady Macbeths influence and manipulation of Macbeths judgment, and finally Macbeths long time ambition whichRead MoreThe Position Of Ceo Of An Established Organization959 Words   |  4 Pagespotential opportunities. While values, desire, competencies, skills, and relationships are essential components and play a significant role towards success (Reeves, 2003), the most important thing is the personal decision to pursue success. According to Omar s presentation (n.d), that moment that you decide to take the â€Å"red pill† and follow the path of your desires remains the defining moment in the path to success. Taking the red pill means acknowledging your ability to achieve your desires and doRead MoreChildren Who Are Blind Children1093 Words   |  5 Pagesand performance level. 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What role does the â€Å"division of labour† play in defining this subject matter? Quoting Michael Yates, â€Å"The subject matter of economics is the production and distribution of output†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yates, 2003). So what does this say to me? Simplifying, this says to me that Economics is a way of explaining the world. With studies dating as far back as Aristotle’s interest in the various forms of state, how can one ever fully understand the complexities of economicRead MoreLeague Of Legends : Game Games1315 Words   |  6 PagesLeague of Legends, a free-to-play multiplayer online battle arena game made for the computer took gamers around the world by storm in October of 2009. What began as a small, fresh take on battle arena games 5 years ago, has evolved into the most, if not, one of the most full-fledged successful free-to-play games of our generation. Before it’s time, many gamers around the world yearned for a game which offered intense, fast-paced, team-oriented gameplay, a dedicated and passionate community, and aRead MoreMicro System Is An Individual (Kirst-Ashman Karen K.,1145 Words   |  5 Pagescircumstances and human interactions that encompass human being (Kirst-Ashman,el, al, 2014, p.19). The macro practice can consist of working with consumers, to strengthen and work with people at the â€Å"organizational, community, societal, and global levels (Defining Macro Practice Art., p. 3). I can go out and inform local, state and federal government about changing laws or adding in new policies that will benefit the people. As it is the duty of the government to make sure every citizen are meeting their human

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives For Small...

Introduction It is generally difficult to determine whether corporate social responsibility initiatives are easier to implement in small firms as opposed to large firms. Corporate CSR perspective is the ethical responsibility to society and social bodies as the firm adopts due to business financial, societal, governmental, and, moral image outcomes in society. In addition, the firm adopts ethical responsibility to external entities, which society focuses on and as a result magnifies and sensitises business stance and associations with external social bodies. In fact, CSR is the result of a discussion amongst the firm and its stakeholders about responsibilities and expectations. Corporate Social Responsibility: One Size Does Not Fit All. Collecting Evidence from Europe. The EU defines small firms as, those that employ 50 staff or less and have a turnover that is e10 million or under as seen in European Commission, 2003b. Small firms and large firms are different, particularly in such areas as fina ncial revenue, resources, market share, numbers of staff and ownership title as it explains in Curran and Blackburn, 2001. Investigating the Impact of Business Size on Small Business Social Responsibility: A Critical Review. Firm size triggers a particular implementation pattern of CSR, i.e. SMEs are strong in implementing organisational CSR associated processes in fundamental business procedures, where MNCs efficiently connect their obligations to CSR, yet generally lack complexShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Initiatives For Small Firms Essay2190 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction It is generally difficult to determine whether corporate social responsibility initiatives are easier to implement in small firms as opposed to large firms. 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Here he presentedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Nepal1457 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Corporate Social Responsibility in Context of Nepal Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. While there is no universal definition of corporate social responsibility, it generally refers to transparent business practices that are based on ethical values, Compliance with

Business Decision Making Facelift Ltd.

Question: Describe about the roles of modern inventory system (MIS) of Facelift Ltd.? Answer: Company profile: The main business of Facelift Ltd. is to sell office furniture in the UK market. They have more than 100stores in UK. More than 8000 employees are working in this organization, and they have huge project to increase the turnover significantly. For this reason a market research is required, which help to determine that whether the company should diversify their business or move in the same way. Role of MIS in an inventory system: MIS helps to organize all the companys data in a computerized database system. It helps to collect all the data of a company like sales, manufacturing, and inventory. From all this data owner of the company can spot that how efficiently each departments are operating their work. It also helps to know that how well inventory system works. In facelift ltd, the roles of inventory management are given below: Preventing out of stock conditions- MIS always has a database of stock. So, it always prevents facelift ltd. from out of stock condition. Avoiding duplication- MIS has the database of all the available items. So, it helps to avoid duplication of an item. Valuing inventory- the amount which the company achieves by selling of finished goods is known as value of inventory.MIS can calculate the sales value of facelift ltds existing inventory. This help in counting assets of the company. Counting- MIS monitors sales on a daily basis. So, that facelift can count the items which are selling faster and can stock up those items immediately. Producing report- facelift ltd. can monitor their inventory level with the help MIS. They can use this database for having a report of sales and inventory, purchasing or manufacturing. References BusinessNewsDaily.com, (2015).Decision-Making Techniques and Tools. [online] Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/6162-decision-making.html [Accessed 17 Feb. 2015]. Guy, T., KaÃÅ' rnyÃÅ' , M. and Wolpert, D. (2013).Decision making and imperfection. Berlin: Springer. Medical Decision Making Reviewers, 2013. (2014).Medical Decision Making, 34(3), pp.276-278.

Effective Business Communication Employee Job Performance

Question: Describe about the Effective Business Communication for Employee Job Performance. Answer: Topic The topic chosen for critically analysing the article is Explaining Employee Job Performance: The Role of Online and Offline Workplace Communication Networks. Every organization makes certain investment for building a virtual information and communication technology (ICT) for enhancing communication which affects employee performance. This research work focuses specifically on social networks for explaining job performance (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The variables explored in this paper are offline and online ties in relation with job performance. Social networks can be defined as a set of linkages which explains the interactional patterns among people (Merchant, 2012). Objectives The main objective of this study is to seek understanding of the effects or impact of technological the employee performance at work. The research study engages online and offline workplace communication networks for understanding the performance of employees. The researchers attempt to distinguish between online and offline communication networks at the workplace so that the interdependent and independent functions can be identified while affecting job performance. Further, the researchers also attempt to differentiate between direct and indirect ties in an online and offline technological environment while affecting access to important resources. Further, the research article aims to make theoretical contributions for affecting the impact of technology on job performance. Additionally, the research article aims to make contribution to organizational behaviour research where the relationship between social networks and job performance is clearly established. The thesis of this resea rch article is to differentiate between direct and indirect ties in an online and offline communication environment to explain the ways in which it enables or restricts workers access to significant resources (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Methodology The methodology adopted for conducting this research study is quantitative analysis. The study was conducted in a Fortune 500 telecommunication company in the United States (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The data was collected using primary method of data collection through quantitative method for measuring reliability and validity of the scales. The respondents involve software engineers, technical leads and business analysts. The population for this research study is 120 out of which the sample size was chosen as 104 people (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Questionnaires were distributed to the participants and data was collected from them during normal business hours. The participants were requested to submit their responses within a week after receiving the survey. Each day the participants were reminded to complete the survey. The organization allowed the workers to fill the survey within their working hours. Additionally, they were provided with an incentive of $50 for every completed surv ey for increasing the response rate (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The research model was tested using the hierarchical regression analysis. A pilot study was also conducted among the students with a population of 55 students and sample size of 52 students (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The data was collected from the students at the end of their semester before their exams where an incentive of $10 was offered for participation (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). A pilot study was conducted where the students completed the survey in an hours time (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Argument The main argument of this research paper is that the employee network critically affects the access to significant resources which directly contributes to job performance. The research study argues that a workers network ties have a significant function in impacting the significant resources (Bloom et al., 2014). Also, these significant resources are a mechanism to positively contribute to efficient job performance. It is argued that online and offline networks significantly affect job performance of the employees (Kim Park, 2013). The researchers argue that the employees having large number of ties in the online and offline networks can obtain benefit as well as disadvantages from it (Andreeva Kianto, 2012). From the previous or existing literature, it has been found that the complementary resources have a certain effect on the job performance outcomes (Kim Noh, 2012). These resources result in enhancing the firm performance. Further, after analyzing the differences between onlin e and offline communication networks, it is argued that network ties in online and offline networks provide access to resources that are complementary to each other, such that missing benefits of one network can be obtained from the other network and the limitations or constraints of one network can be offset by the other network (Camisn Villar-Lpez, 2014). Implications The research article has both theoretical and practical implications. Going through the theoretical implications, the research study significantly adds to the Information System success. As the effect of technology on employees job performance is identified, the success rate of IS can be explored (Li, Veliyath, Tan, 2012). Further, the incorporation of the social network theory adds to the theoretical knowledge. Secondly, this research study helps in enhancing the understanding of ICT and its effects on job performance. This is of significant importance to both academic researchers and practitioners. Thirdly, the understanding of social network theory adds to the knowledge base. This research can be beneficial for the organizations as they can maximize the benefits of ICTs and enhance employee performance (Wong Dow, 2011). Not only the understanding, this research study encourages and motivates the employees at the organization to create more ties for expanding the benefits obtaine d by ICTs (Chang et al., 2012). The organizations can increase or enhance their job outcomes. The research study can be used by the managers to train or educate the workers so that they can reflect on their online and offline networks. The organizations can also achieve competitive advantage and reduce their overall cost. By illustrating the importance of online and offline communication media, a better understanding can be gained by the managers and employees to enhance organizational performance (Huijts, Molin, Steg, 2012). Findings The findings of this study state that the cause loadings were more than 0.70 and cross-loadings was less than 0.20 (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The above results indicate that the convergent and discriminant validity is supported. The online and offline communication networks with both direct and indirect ties have a significant correlation with the job performance. There was no multicollinearity identified (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). The research study drew from social network theory was helpful in establishing the variables affecting job performance. It is found that the employees have higher trust, emotional closeness and social support with better communication networks. Alternatively, it is found that there is weak tie with infrequent and distant relationship among the employees if they have low communication networks. There was fast receipt of information as the distance between people was minimized. The benefit of knowledge spillover was enjoyed by the employees (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Strengths The main strength of this research study is that it theorizes employees ties in both online and offline communication network at the workplace. The research article has a strong introduction as it lists the variables considered in the study in details. A thorough background to the social network theory is provided which is the main component of the research. The authors examine different networks and ties for a better understanding on behaviours and interactional patterns. The author makes the research stronger by establishing a clear distinction between online and offline communication networks. A table is presented which lists the prior research establishing relationship between students academic or employees job performance. This table is a strong part of the research study as it summarizes the type of networks, categorization of online and offline networks, controls, major findings, direct or indirect ties. Moreover, an appendix is attached which mentions the questions asked in t he survey for analysing the online and offline communication network patterns. This research is beneficial for the organizations as well as employees so that they can maximize the benefits of ICT (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Weaknesses The research study has a few limitations which have been addressed as under. The importance of incorporating technology is well explored in the paper, but the different fragments of technology is not analysed in the paper. The research study only considers face to face communication technologies and does not analyse telephonic communication which is a significant mode of offline communication. However, it is further argued that telephone communication may also be considered as an online mode of communication. Hence, the research article lacks clarity on the categorization of telephonic communication. Another weakness of this research article is that the authors have only examined direct and indirect ties of network. The other structural properties have been ignored such as network constraints, barriers or holes that adversely affect performance. Another factor such as friendship network has also not been considered which also leaves a certain impact on the job performance. If the exp ertise level of the employees is not known, then the information may not be useful. The third weakness is that the research paper only considers communication frequency for collecting network data. The research study lacks in qualitative method of data collection so that the data can be explored in a descriptive manner (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). References Andreeva, T. Kianto, A. (2012). Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance.Journal Of Knowledge Management,16(4), 617-636. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271211246185 Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The Distinct Effects of Information Technology and Communication Technology on Firm Organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. https://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2013 Camisn, C. Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal Of Business Research,67(1), 2891-2902. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.06.004 Chang, Y., Chang, H., Chi, H., Chen, M., Deng, L. (2012). How do established firms improve radical innovation performance? The organizational capabilities view.Technovation,32(7-8), 441-451. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2012.03.001 Huijts, N., Molin, E., Steg, L. (2012). Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(1), 525-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.018 Kim, S. Noh, M. (2012). Determinants Influencing Consumers' Trust and Trust Performance of Social Commerce and Moderating Effect of Experience.Information Technology Journal,11(10), 1369-1380. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2012.1369.1380 Kim, S. Park, H. (2013). Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers trust and trust performance.International Journal Of Information Management,33(2), 318-332. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.11.006 Li, W., Veliyath, R., Tan, J. (2012). Network Characteristics and Firm Performance: An Examination of the Relationships in the Context of a Cluster.Journal Of Small Business Management,51(1), 1-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2012.00375.x Merchant, G. (2012). Unravelling the social network: theory and research.Learning, Media And Technology,37(1), 4-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2011.567992 Wong, J. Dow, K. (2011). The Effects of Investments in Information Technology on Firm Performance.Journal Of Information Technology Research,4(3), 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2011070101 Zhang, X., Venkatesh, V. (2013). Explaining Employee Job Performance: The Role of Online and Offline Workplace Communication Networks.Mis Quarterly,37(3), 695-722.